Cervical Cancer is the growth of malignant cells in the cervix , the narrow opening of the uterus. It develops slowly from a distinct precancerous stage. Cervical cancer is one of the leading cause cancer death among women in medically undeserved countries. Risk factors for cervical cancer are closely linked to sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases. First having sexual intercourse in an early age, multiple sexual partner, and sex with uncircumcised male can put a women at risk to developed cervical cancer .Human papillomavirus , HIV infection and smoking can also cause to developed cervical cancer. There are two types of cervical cancer Cervical . Adenocarcinoma which originates in endocervical glands, it is less common but increasingly being detected in routine screening. Approximately 90% cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinomas beginning squamous epithelial cells near the end of the cervix spreading directly extension to the vaginal mucosa., pelvic cavity structures and metastasis to the liver, lungs, bones and through out the body circulation. In early stage of cervical cancer it remains asymptomatic doesn't shows signs and symptoms until the cancer reaches its dangerous terminal stage. There will be a watery vaginal discharges noticed after intercourse and douching, due to infection and tissue necrosis..Metrorrhagia , post menopausal bleeding and polymenorrhea may also present ,as the disease advances the area become infected , vaginal discharges becomes dark profuse and foul smelly, may also include pressure in the bowel, bladder irritation, rectal discharges and abdominal pain may also present .One of the most important advances in preventing cervical cancer has been the development of the vaccine for HPV. This will this will be effective when given when a young women having sexual contact. Although this is effective but it will not protect against all types of HPV and will not prevent the all cases of cervical cancer . Preventive measures includes regular pelvis examinations and pap test for women especially to older women who had past bearing child. Pap test is a primary diagnostic tool for cervical cancer this will detect cancer in premalignant stage where it is amenable to treatment and abnormal pap smear result will indicates the need for further assessment. With adequate screening test, changing sexual behavior and avoidance of tobacco used cervical cancer should not exist. However, cultural and social barriers to prevention and early detection of this disease persist. Annual Pap smear should be encourage in all sexually active women especially those at risk. Client should be also instructed to seek early treatment of vaginal and cervical infections to prevent the spread of transmission of HPV and STI's. Since,5 - 15 years range elapse between the preinvasive and noninvasive stages of cervical cancer , early detection is crucial to diagnosis at the preinvasive stage when the cancer is practically 100% curable. Managements foe cervical cancer includes total abdominal hysterectomy is used to treat carcinoma in woman who have finished child bearing .Pelvic exertenration is a radical procedure involving removal of the pelvic organs such as uterus, ovaries, fallopian tube , bladder and rectum may also removed to prevent the spread of cancer cells. Cold Conizatiion is a procedure during the cone shape biopsy of the cervix is obtained. It is particularly helpful to the endocervical glands are involved and not ready to visualized. The excised area contains an entire malignancy surrounded by wide margin of normal tissues.This is not only a diagnostic test but also a treatment .and allows the women to maintain reproductive capacity. Cyrosurgery is freezing of disease cervical tissues. This treatment has minimal side effects though post treatment discharge last 2 - 4 weeks. Laser surgery uses a direct after the beam to removed disease tissue although women is often more discomfort after the procedure .During treatment client may experience headaches and dizziness.Irradiation is also used as a primary therapy for early cervical cancer .It is usually curative but it induces menopause. To prevent the recurrence of the disease we have to encourage the client to have a frequent health examination Pelvic examination and Pap smear should be schedule every 3 months for the first 2 years or as advised by physician.
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